Study of  Doubts of Qquranic Researches

Study of Doubts of Qquranic Researches

Review of "Aisha" article In the Quran Encyclopedia Oliver Lyman (on the Prophet's marriages with Hazrat Khadijeh and Aisha)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
1 Associate Professor of Al-Mustafa International University; Mhzamani@yahoo.com.
2 Master's student of the University of Islamic Education, (Corresponding author);.
3 PhD. student of Al-Mustafa International University; daneshdoostan@iran.ir goftogoo@iran.ir
20.1001.1.27173879.1400.3.2.3.4
Abstract
One of the most recent Qur'anic researches of Orientalists is the Encyclopedia of the Qur'an edited by Oliver Leman. The present article examines the article "Aisha" written by Oliver Leman in the Qur'an encyclopedia. In this article, regardless of other opinions, the author expresses the content regarding Aisha and Khadijah if they were virgins or widows when they married the Prophet, which should be examined the opposing opinions in every case. He considers Aisha to be the only virgin wife of the Prophet, and in his opinion, Khadija married the Prophet when she was 40 years old. After that, he has investigated the age of Aisha when she married the Prophet according to Sunni sources and considers Aisha to be a 6-year-old girl while marring the Prophet. In the present research, which was compiled by descriptive-analytical method, each of the cases of Aisha being a virgin, Khadijah being old when she married the Prophet, and the Prophet marrying a young child have been criticized. The findings of the research indicate that by referring to Sunni sources regarding the Prophet's marriages with Khadijah and Aisha, the Orientalists consider the issues in which there is a historical disagreement, so strong that in their opinion, there is no room for discussion about it. However, there are opposing opinions in this area that the author of the article should have mentioned.
Keywords

  1. The Holy Quran.
  2. Armstrong, Kareng (1386). Muhammad: The biography of the Prophet of Islam. Translated by Kianoush Heshmati. Tehran: Hikmat.
  3. Ibn al -Athir, Izuddin (1415 AH). Usd al_Ghabah fi Marifat al-Sahabah. Vol. 1-6. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.
  4. -----------------. (1385). Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh. Vol. 1-3. Beirut: Dar Sadir - Beirut.
  5. Ibn Babwayh, Muhammad ibn Ali (1362). Al-Khisal. Vol. 1-2. Qom: Jamia Mudarresin.
  6. -----------------. (1415 AH). Al-Muqni. Qom: Imam Mahdi (AS) Institute.
  7. Ibn Hanbal, Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1416 AH). Musnad al-Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal. Vol. 1- 50. Beirut: Al-Risalah Institute.
  8. Ibn Sa'ad, Muhammad, (1416 AH). Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra. Vol. 1-8. Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi.
  9. Ibn 'Abd Al-bir, Yusuf (1412 AH). Al-Istiab, Vol. 1-4. Beirtut, Dar al-Jil.
  10. Ibn Omrani, Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Muhammad (1412 AH). Al-Anba fi Tarikh al-Khulafa. Cairo: Dar al-Afaq al-Arabiya.
  11. Ibn Qutaibah, Abdullah ibn Muslim (1992). Encyclopedia. Cairo: Al-Heyah Al-Masriyyah al-Aami li al-Kitab.
  12. Ibn Kathir Dimashqi, Ismail ibn Amr (No Date). Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah. Vol. 1-14. Beirut, Dar Ihya al-Turath bal-Arabi.
  13. Ibn Hisham, (1416 AH). Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyah, Vol. 1-4. Beirut, Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi.
  14. Abu Davood, Suleiman ibn Ash'ath (1420 AH). Sunnah Abu Davood. Vol. 1-5. Cairo: Dar al-Hadith.
  15. Erbili, Ali ibn Isa (2002). Kashf al-Ghummah fi Marifat al-A'immah. Vol. 1-2. Tabriz: Bani Hashim.
  16. Al -Isbahani, Al-Hafiz Abi Abdullah bin Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Yahya bin Mandeh (1426 AH). Marifat al-Sahabah. Riyadh: Dar al-Watan for distribution.
  17. Al -Ansari al -Shafi'i, Sirajuddin (Ibn al -Mulaqqin). (1414 AH). Ghayat al-Sowl fi Khasais al-Rasul (PBUH). Beirut: Dar al-Bashair al-Islamiyah.
  18. Bukhari, Muhammad ibn Ismail (1428-1427). Sahih al -Bukhari. Vol. 1-5. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.
  19. Bostani, Fuad Afram (1375) Farhang Abjadi. Tehran: Islami.
  20. Al -Balaziri, Jabir (1417 AH). Ansab al-Ashraf. Vol. 1-13. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.
  21. Baihaqi, Ahmad ibn Hussein (1405 AH). Dalail al-Nubuwwah wa Marifat Ahwal Sahib al-Shari'ah. Vol. 1-3. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah.
  22. Taghizadeh Davari, Mahmoud (1387). The image of the Prophet's family in the encyclopedia of Islam. Qom: Shia-shenasi Publications.
  23. Jazayeri, Nematollah (1391). Al-Noor al-Mubin fi Qasas al-Anbiya wa al-Mursalin. Qom: Dar al-Karamah.
  24. Al-Hanbali al-Dimahqi, Ibn Imad (1406 AH). Shadharat al-Dhahab. Vol. 1-11. Beirut: Dar Ibn Kathir.
  25. Dhahabi, Shamsuddin Muhammad ibn Ahmad (1413 AH). Tarikh al-Islam wa wafayat al-Mashahir wa al-A'lam. Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi.
  26. Soha, (No Date). Criticism of the Qur'an. No Place.
  27. Tabbarah, Afif Abdul Fattah. (1372). Ma'al-Anbia fi al-Qur'an al-Karim. Qom: Al-Sharif al-Razi Publications.
  28. Tabarani, Suleiman bin Ahmad. (1410 AH). Al-Mu'jam al-Kabir. Vol. 1-24. Mosul: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Islami.
  29. Tabari, Muhammad bin Jarir (1407 AH). Tarikh Tabari Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Mulouk. Vol. 1-11. Beirut: Dar al-Turath.
  30. Tusi, Muhammad ibn al -Hasan (1414 AH). Al-Amali. Qom: Dar al-Thiaqafah
  31. ----------------- (1407 AH). Tahzhib al-Ahkam. Vol. 1-10. Tehran: Dar al-Islami.
  32. Asqalani, Ali ibn Hajar (1415 AH). Al-Isabah fi Marifat al-Sahabah. Vol. 1-8. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.
  33. Ayyashi, Muhammad ibn Masoud (1380). Tafsir al-Ayyashi. Vol. 1-2. Tehran: Al-Matbaah al-Ilmiyyah.
  34. Qommi, Abbas (1414 AH). Safinat al-Bihar wa Madinat al-Hikam wa al-Athar. Vol. 1-8. Qom: Oswah.
  35. Kulaini, Muhammad ibn Ya'qub (1 AH). Al-Kafi. Vol. 1- 8. Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyah.
  36. Al-Kufi, Abu al-Qasim (No Date). Al-Istighathah. Qom: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyah.
  37. Leyman. Oliver. (2012). Encyclopedia of the Holy Quran. Translated by Mohammad Hussein Waqar. Tehran: Ettelaat.
  38. Majlisi, Mohammad Bagher (1403 AH). Bihar al-Anwar al-Jami'a li Durar Akhbar al- A'immah al-At'har. Vol. 1-111. Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi.
  39. Murtada Amili, Seyid Ja'far (1427 AH). Al-Sahih min Sirat al-Nabiy al-Azam. Vol. 1-34. Beirut: Islamic Center for Researches.
  40. ---------------- (1428 AH). Al-Banat al-Rabaib. Beirut: Islamic Center for Researches.
  41. ---------------- (1 AH). Banat al-Nabi am Rabaibuh. Qom: Maktaba al-Ilam al-Islami.
  42. Muslim ibn Hajjaj (1 AH). Sahih Muslim. Vol. 1-5. Cairo: Dar al-Hadith.
  43. Mufid, Muhammad ibn Muhammad (1413 AH). Al-Muqniah. Qom: Dar al-Mufid.
  44. Muqaddasi, Mutahhar bin Taher (No Date). Al-Bad wa al-Tarikh. Vol. 1-6, Beirut: Maktaba ah-Thaqafah al-Diniyyah.
  45. Miqrizi, Taqiyyuddin (1420 AH). Imta al-Asma. Vol. 1-15. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.
  46. ​​McAuvhel, Jane Damman (1392). The encyclopedia of the Qur'an. Translated by Hussein Khandaghabadi and others. Vol. 1-4. Tehran: Hikmat.
  47. Nouri, Hussein ibn Muhammad Taqi (1408 AH). Mustadrak al-Wasail wa Mujanbak al-Masa'il. Vol. 1-28. Qom: Al al-Bayt Institute.

 

 

Volume 3, Issue 5 - Serial Number 5
February 2022
Pages 73-98

  • Receive Date 17 January 2022
  • Revise Date 21 April 2022
  • Accept Date 30 January 2022